What is acid stratification and why is it bad for batteries?
Acid stratification happens naturally in lead-acid batteries. The fluid in a battery is called electrolyte. The electrolyte is a mixture of sulphuric acid and water. Acid is heavier than water and is fundamental to a lead-acid battery's electrochemical charge and discharge process. Acid stratification happens when the heavier acid in the battery’s electrolyte separates from the water and assembles at the bottom of the battery’s cell, creating an area of very high specific gravity electrolyte.
Effects of Acid Stratification
When acid stratifies (sinks to the bottom of the battery’s cells) and the upper portion of the battery’s plates are left subject to low specific gravity electrolyte (now mostly water), the upper portion of the plate is rendered inactive and is no longer capable of supporting discharge capacity. Under these conditions, the useful active material in the battery will be reduced by as much as 40% within six months of normal use, creating “dead lead” or “inactive active material.”
The stratified acid at the bottom of the battery’s cell focuses discharge activity to the bottom of the cell, causing the bottom part of the plate to work overtime. While the bottom part of the plate gets excessively discharged, the top part of the plate receives most of the charging activity. As a result, acid stratification can cause a battery’s dynamic charge acceptance (“DCA”) to decline by 50% to 70% within six months of installation, increasing alternator wear and tear and decreasing fuel efficiency.
Since electrical current moves more easily through water (top part of the cell) than it does through acid (bottom part of the cell), stratified acid concentrates charging current and charging heat at the upper part of the plate, accelerating corrosion which dramatically lowers the battery’s cranking power (“CCA”).
Stratified acid promotes increased internal resistance, lower conductivity and accelerated Sulfation on the lower part of the plates, reducing the battery’s dynamic charge acceptance (“DCA”). This means a sulphated battery will only accept a surface charge, resulting in a false positive state of charge readings to vehicle computers and battery testers. So, a battery may appear fully charged but only provide low “CCA” and “AH”/”RC.”
Acid stratification is accelerated (1) if the battery operates in Partial State of Charge (PSOC) conditions, (2) the battery seldom receives a full charge, (3) if the battery is constantly cycled, (4) the battery is used or exposed to extreme temperatures, and (5) the battery is left standing for long periods. All of these can contribute to battery failure.
MIXTECH technology by Discover Battery eliminates acid stratification and more than doubles the life of any flooded lead-acid battery chemistry.
Acid Stratification Is Bad for Batteries - Ten Things You Need to Know.
ACID STRATIFICATION causes the useful active material in the battery to be reduced by 40% within six to eight months of normal use, creating what is known in the industry as dead lead or inactive active material.
When heavier or hotter acid stratifies or sinks to the bottom of the battery’s cells, the upper portion of the cells is subject to low specific gravity, and the active material in this area is no longer capable of proper discharge activity.
The area of low specific gravity at the top of battery cells that experiences reduced active material activation also experiences increased corrosion which, when combined, dramatically lowers a battery’s cranking power (CCA) and capacity measured in amp hours or reserve capacity (AH/RC).
The heavier, stratified acid at the bottom of a battery’s cell creates higher specific gravity in that area, preventing proper charge activity at the bottom portion of the plates. This, in turn, promotes increased internal resistance, lower conductivity and accelerated Sulfation on the lower part of the plates.
A sulphated battery will eventually only accept a surface charge, resulting in a false positive state of charge, meaning a battery that appears fully charged but that provides low CCA and AH/RC.
This false state of charge reading confuses modern vehicle charging systems into thinking the battery is more charged than it is, which leads to the battery being always in an under-charged condition and forces alternators to operate inefficiently.
ACID STRATIFICATION magnifies the development of hot spots or thermal gradients within a battery that accelerate plate corrosion, battery dry-out, premature capacity loss and reduced life, particularly in extreme climates.
ACID STRATIFICATION is the leading cause of all unequal activity across a battery’s plates, which prematurely reduces a battery’s CCA, available reserve capacity and useful life.
Stratified acid causes the largest portion of battery warranty claims and related costs and increases alternator wear and tear and fuel expenses.
Acid stratification causes a battery’s charge acceptance to decline by 50% to 70% within six months of installation, increasing alternator wear and tear and decreasing fuel efficiency.
MIXTECH technology by Discover Battery eliminates acid stratification and more than doubles the life of any flooded lead-acid battery chemistry.